Carbon Emissions during the Building Construction Phase: A Comprehensive Case Study of Construction Sites in Denmark

Buildings are major contributors of carbon emissions and related global warming. Emissions occur along all building stages, from a whole-life perspective, including material production, construction processes, operations, maintenance end-of-life processes. Upfront include processes before operations. They can be influenced immediately will have positive effect today. However, mitigation potentials during the stage often overseen in research. This study presents an analysis 61 Danish sites based on their energy consumption, waste production (module A5) transport to site (A4). The results show for A4 0.28 A5 1.00 kgCO2e/m2 gross floor area per year over 50 years. is 13.47% reference 9.50 kgCO2e/m2y, which includes product (A1–3), replacements (B4), operational use (B6) disposal (C3–4). Almost half followed by electricity, heat fuel. Floor not shown influential emissions, suggesting other parameters more important. significance modules suggests implementing them future assessments policies. paper also demonstrates development generic emission coefficients, suited increase feasibility application industry. Finally, usability module environmental declarations discussed.